CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS
2013
NAME : CONTOH
FORM : 5 CONTOH
IC : CONTOH
GROUP MEMBERS :
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2.XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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1. INTRODUCTION
(Computer Networks and Communications)
A computer network is a telecommunications network that allows computers to
exchange data. The physical connection between networked computing devices is
established using either cable
media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is
the Internet.
Network devices that originate,
route and terminate the data are called network nodes.[1]
Nodes can include hosts such as servers and personal
computers, as well as networking hardware. Two devices are said to be
networked when a process in one device is able to exchange
information with a process in another device.
Computer networks support
applications such as access to the World
Wide Web, shared use of application and storage servers, printers, and
fax machines, and use of email and instant
messaging applications. The remainder of this article discusses local area network technologies and classifies
them according to the following characteristics: the physical media used to
transmit signals, the communications protocols used to organize
network traffic, along with the network's size, its topology
and its organizational intent.
2. Mobile
Computing
2.1 Definition
Mobile
computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is
expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and
mobile software. Communication issues include ad-hoc and infrastructure
networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete
technologies. Hardware includes mobile
devices or device components. Mobile
software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile
applications.
2.2 Specification, services, and
frequencies of Mobile Computing
(based on one product e.g. PDA, 3G mobile phone)
Samsung Galaxy Note II N7100
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SPECIFICATION
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Network/Bearer and Wireless Connectivity
Chipset
Sensors
Battery
Audio and Video
OS
Memory
Physical Specification
Location
Display
Camera
Connectors
|
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SERVICES
|
|
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FREQUENCIES
|
|
3.0 Internet Technology and
Services
3.1 VOIP
Voice over IP (voice
over Internet Protocol, VoIP) is a methodology and group of
technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia
sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the
Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet
telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP
communications, and broadband phone service.
The term Internet telephony
specifically refers to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS,
voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network
(PSTN). The steps and principles involved in originating VoIP telephone calls
are similar to traditional digital telephony,
and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals,
and encoding. Instead of being transmitted over a circuit-switched network,
however, the digital information is packetized and transmission occurs as Internet
Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. Such transmission
entails careful considerations about resource management different from time-division multiplexing (TDM)
networks.
Early providers of voice over IP
services offered business models and technical solutions that mirrored the
architecture of the legacy telephone network. Second generation providers, such
as Skype, have
built closed networks for private user bases, offering the benefit of free
calls and convenience, while potentially charging for access to other communication
networks, such as the PSTN. This has limited the freedom of users to
mix-and-match third-party hardware and software. Third generation providers,
such as Google
Talk have adopted[1]
the concept of federated VoIP – which is a departure from the
architecture of the legacy networks. These solutions typically allow dynamic
interconnection between users on any two domains on the Internet when a user
wishes to place a call.
VoIP systems employ session
control and signaling protocols to control the signaling, set-up, and tear-down
of calls. They transport audio streams over IP networks using special media
delivery protocols that encode voice, audio, video with audio
codecs and video codecs as Digital
audio by streaming media. Various codecs exist that optimize
the media stream based on application requirements and network bandwidth; some
implementations rely on narrowband and compressed
speech, while others support high
fidelity stereo codecs. Some popular codecs include μ-law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722 which is a
high-fidelity codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom, a
popular open source voice codec known as iLBC, a codec that only
uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729, and many others.
VoIP is available on many smartphones,
personal computers, and on Internet access devices. Calls and SMS text messages
may be sent over 3G or Wi-Fi.[2]
3.2
BLOG
A blog (a contraction of
the words web log)[1] is a
discussion or informational site published on the World
Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically
displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first).
Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of
a small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently
"multi-author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by
large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers,
other media outlets, universities, think tanks,
interest groups and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of
blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging"
systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog
can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.
The emergence and growth of
blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web
publishing tools that facilitated the posting of content by non-technical
users. (Previously, a knowledge of such technologies as HTML and FTP had been required to
publish content on the Web.)
A majority are interactive,
allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI widgets
on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other
static websites.[2]
In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social
networking. Indeed, bloggers do not only produce content to post on their
blogs, but also build social relations with their readers and other bloggers.[3] There are
high-readership blogs which do not allow comments, such as Daring
Fireball.
Many blogs provide commentary on
a particular subject; others function as more personal online
diaries; others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual
or company. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages,
and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments
in an interactive format is an important contribution to the popularity of many
blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs),
photographs (photoblogs),
videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3 blogs),
and audio (podcasts).
Microblogging
is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. In education, blogs can
be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as edublogs.
On 16 February 2011, there were
over 156 million public blogs in existence.[4] On 13
October 2012, there were around 77 million Tumblr[5] and 56.6
million WordPress[6] blogs in
existence worldwide. According to critics and other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used
today.[7][8]
4.0 Types of
network.
4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN)
is a computer network used for communication
among computerized
devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be
used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal
communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried over wireless
network technologies such as IrDA, Wireless
USB, Bluetooth,
Z-Wave, ZigBee, or even Body
Area Network. The reach of a WPAN varies from a few centimeters to a few
meters. A PAN may also be carried over wired computer
buses such as USB and FireWire.
4.2
VPN
A virtual private network
(VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such
as the Internet.
It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks
as if it were directly connected to the private network, while benefitting from
the functionality, security and management policies of the private network.[1]
This is done by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection
through the use of dedicated connections, encryption, or a combination of the
two.
A VPN connection across the
Internet is similar to a wide area
network (WAN) link between the sites. From a user perspective, the
extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available
from the private network.[2]
VPNs allow
employees to securely access their company's intranet while traveling outside
the office. Similarly, VPNs securely and cost effectively connect
geographically disparate offices of an organization creating one cohesive
virtual network. VPN technology is also used by ordinary Internet to connect to
proxy servers
for the purpose of protecting one's identity.
4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network
(WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method
(typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually
providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This
gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still
be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11
standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi
brand name. WLANs were once called LAWNs (for local area wireless network) by
the Department of Defense.[1]
Wireless LANs have become
popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial complexes
offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York City,
for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five
boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.[2]
4.4 WIMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data
rates,[1] with the 2011
update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX"
was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote
conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as
"a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and
DSL".[2]
5.0 CONCLUSION
The Native Computer Communications
Network Project was a good example of how a focus on creating a network of
computers does not necessarily ensure the interpersonal networking of the
potential users of that technology. If the people were not communicating with
each other before, developing another method of communication doesn't mean
they'll start.
REFERENCES
http://rmmict.blogspot.com/p/kerja-kursus-ict.html
